Purpose: Regarding market structure and characteristics of information goods, common pricing methods are not useful for these goods. So, it is necessary to adopt strategies that fit the characteristics of this particular item. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and describe appropriate strategies for information goods pricing.Methodology: This paper is conceptual paper which has conducted using library method to collect data.Findings /Results: It seems that price discrimination strategies and bundling are very efficient in information goods pricing. Price discrimination and its types including first degree, second degree and third degree discriminations as well as bundling and its types including bundling with marginal cost and bundling without marginal cost are described in the paper. It concludes that the above strategies to be applied properly, maximum profit for the producer and maximum utility for the consumer can be achieved. Thus, information goods market becomes socially efficient.Originality: This paper addresses the issue of information goods pricing in a detailed manner. So, it could be of interest to information professionals, information goods producers and those who are interested in the information economy.

Protecting Iranian goods and avoiding the consumption of foreign goods is one of the defense tools in the full-scale economic war of the enemies against the Islamic Republic of Iran. One of the important aspects of this issue is its jurisprudential ruling. Therefore, in this research, we are faced with a main question: considering the current situation of Iran's economy - full-scale economic war - what is the jurisprudential ruling on protecting Iranian goods and avoiding the consumption of foreign goods? The answer to this question has been studied based on accurate thematic of Iranian and foreign goods and based on jurisprudential arguments by analytical and descriptive method, which results in the obligation to avoid consuming goods of countries hostile to the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as the United States and the Zionist regime. Assumption of urgency; Constructive economic exchanges with other countries of the world, except assuming their economic domination of the Iranian economy; And the alliance of the countries of the Islamic Resistance Front to strengthen the economy of these countries in the face of countries hostile to the Islamic Resistance Front.

The market theory is Islamic if it is compatible with Islamic principles and principles based on Islamic norms and with the "method of deducing Islamic economic theory" from the book and tradition. This market is characterized by: "adherence to Sharia", "rule of ethics", "honesty" and "guidance, policy, and government supervision". The economic man in this market, as a demander, has chosen the criterion of "indulgent, voluntary, true and lasting pleasure" and as a producer seeks "to obtain a fair solvent profit for the cost of the family and to perform religious and social duties." The economic man in this market allocates his limited resources and capacities well, per Islamic positive and negative values ​​, and with respect for the rights of others. The three strategic principles derived from Islamic norms, namely 'observance of values', 'livelihood', and 'social Islamic insurance "Takaful" ', which are manifested in 'spirituality', 'growth', and 'justice', respectively, are coordinated and synergistic, simultaneously. Therefore, with the basics that act as infrastructure, they affected the behaviors and consequently the positive segment of the market and they cause this market to be more stable and more efficient than the market of complete competition depending on the degree of compliance with Sharia, governance of ethics and guidance, policy-making and government supervision.

Software sales contracts are controversial among commentators of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG), as to whether they fall within the scope of the provisions of this convention. In this regard, some commentators have refused to include such contracts in the Convention, due to the language of the majority of the delegates present at the conference was English and the concept in their minds was "goods". Others, on the other hand, contemplate a broader scope for the convention. Both groups are looking for the uniformity of the Convention, fully aware of the consequences of not having unified rules in international trade. The main question is whether custom and standard software are goods? And can software in Iranian law be considered as an example of goods? In this paper, the above questions have been answered by an independent interpretive method and using the articles of the Convention. Finally, it is concluded that custom-made and standard software are both equally considered as Goods under the CISG and also in Iranian Law.

According to Rawls, lack of information and knowledge behind the veil of ignorance necessitates the existence of Primary Goods. He outlines several subjective and objective reasons to back his argument for the necessity of Primary Goods as a fair and neutral element. This article discusses Rawls’s argument for such necessity while at the same time argues that the “Primary Goods” listed by Rawls promote a specific type of political culture and that is “individualism”.